/* * Guyton Model: volume_receptors * * Model Status * * This CellML model has been validated. Due to the differences * between procedural code (in this case C-code) and declarative * languages (CellML), some aspects of the original model were * not able to be encapsulated by the CellML model (such as the * damping of variables). This may effect the transient behaviour * of the model, however the steady-state behaviour would remain * the same. The equations in this file and the steady-state output * from the model conform to the results from the MODSIM program. * * Model Structure * * Arthur Guyton (1919-2003) was an American physiologist who became * famous for his 1950s experiments in which he studied the physiology * of cardiac output and its relationship with the peripheral circulation. * The results of these experiments challenged the conventional * wisdom that it was the heart itself that controlled cardiac * output. Instead Guyton demonstrated that it was the need of * the body tissues for oxygen which was the real regulator of * cardiac output. The "Guyton Curves" describe the relationship * between right atrial pressures and cardiac output, and they * form a foundation for understanding the physiology of circulation. * * The Guyton model of fluid, electrolyte, and circulatory regulation * is an extensive mathematical model of human circulatory physiology, * capable of simulating a variety of experimental conditions, * and contains a number of linked subsystems relating to circulation * and its neuroendocrine control. * * This is a CellML translation of the Guyton model of the regulation * of the circulatory system. The complete model consists of separate * modules each of which characterise a separate physiological * subsystems. The Circulation Dynamics is the primary system, * to which other modules/blocks are connected. The other modules * characterise the dynamics of the kidney, electrolytes and cell * water, thirst and drinking, hormone regulation, autonomic regulation, * cardiovascular system etc, and these feedback on the central * circulation model. The CellML code in these modules is based * on the C code from the programme C-MODSIM created by Dr Jean-Pierre * Montani. * * This particular CellML model describes the volume receptor nervous * feedback mechanism. The volume receptors are considered to be * activated by right atrial pressure (PRA), and feedback is provided * to control non-muscle arterial resistance and venous tone. * * model diagram * * [[Image file: full_model.png]] * * A systems analysis diagram for the full Guyton model describing * circulation regulation. * * model diagram * * [[Image file: volume.png]] * * A schematic diagram of the components and processes described * in the current CellML model. * * There are several publications referring to the Guyton model. * One of these papers is cited below: * * Circulation: Overall Regulation, A.C. Guyton, T.G. Coleman, * and H.J. Granger, 1972, Annual Review of Physiology , 34, 13-44. * PubMed ID: 4334846 */ import nsrunit; // Warning: unit conversion turned off due to unit errors in 1 equation(s) unit conversion off; unit minute=60 second^1; unit per_minute=.01666667 second^(-1); unit minute_per_L=6E4 meter^(-3)*second^1; //Warning: unit mmHg_ renamed from mmHg, as the latter is predefined in JSim with different fundamental units. unit mmHg_=133.322 kilogram^1*meter^(-1)*second^(-2); unit per_mmHg=.00750064 kilogram^(-1)*meter^1*second^2; unit mmHg_L=.133322 kilogram^1*meter^2*second^(-2); unit per_mmHg2=5.6259564E-5 kilogram^(-2)*meter^2*second^4; unit mmHg3=2.369766E6 kilogram^3*meter^(-3)*second^(-6); unit monovalent_mEq=.001 mole^1; unit monovalent_mEq_per_minute=1.6666667E-5 second^(-1)*mole^1; unit monovalent_mEq_per_litre=1 meter^(-3)*mole^1; unit mOsm=.001 mole^1; unit mOsm_per_litre=1 meter^(-3)*mole^1; unit mOsm_per_minute=1.6666667E-5 second^(-1)*mole^1; unit monovalent_mEq_per_litre_per_minute=.01666667 meter^(-3)*second^(-1)*mole^1; unit litre2_per_monovalent_mEq_per_minute=1.6666667E-5 meter^6*second^(-1)*mole^(-1); unit L_per_minute=1.6666667E-5 meter^3*second^(-1); unit per_mmHg_per_minute=1.2501063E-4 kilogram^(-1)*meter^1*second^1; unit mL=1E-6 meter^3; unit gram_per_L=1 kilogram^1*meter^(-3); unit L_mmHg_per_gram=133.322 meter^2*second^(-2); unit L2_mmHg_per_gram2=133.322 kilogram^(-1)*meter^5*second^(-2); unit mmHg_minute_per_L=7999320 kilogram^1*meter^(-4)*second^(-1); unit mmHg_L_per_minute=.00222203 kilogram^1*meter^2*second^(-3); unit gram_per_minute=1.6666667E-5 kilogram^1*second^(-1); unit mL_per_L=.001 dimensionless; unit mL_per_L_per_mmHg=7.5006376E-6 kilogram^(-1)*meter^1*second^2; unit mL_per_L_per_minute=1.6666667E-5 second^(-1); unit mL_per_minute_per_mmHg=1.2501063E-10 kilogram^(-1)*meter^4*second^1; unit L_mL_per_minute_per_mmHg=1.2501063E-13 kilogram^(-1)*meter^7*second^1; unit L_per_mL=1E3 dimensionless; unit L_per_mmHg=7.5006376E-6 kilogram^(-1)*meter^4*second^2; unit mL_per_minute=1.6666667E-8 meter^3*second^(-1); unit L_per_minute_per_mmHg=1.2501063E-7 kilogram^(-1)*meter^4*second^1; unit L_per_minute_per_mmHg2=9.376594E-10 kilogram^(-2)*meter^5*second^3; unit mmHg_per_mL=1.33322E8 kilogram^1*meter^(-4)*second^(-2); math main { realDomain time minute; time.min=0; extern time.max; extern time.delta; real PRA mmHg_; PRA=0.00852183; real AHZ dimensionless; real AH10 dimensionless; AH10=0.333; real AH9 per_mmHg; AH9=1; real AHZ1 dimensionless; real AHY(time) dimensionless; when(time=time.min) AHY=0.301963; real AH11 minute; AH11=1000; real AH7(time) dimensionless; real ATRRFB(time) dimensionless; real ATRFBM dimensionless; ATRFBM=0; real ATRVFB(time) litre; real ATRVM litre; ATRVM=0; // // // AHZ1=(abs(PRA)^AH10*AH9); AHZ=(if (PRA<(0 mmHg_)) (-1)*AHZ1 else AHZ1); // AHY:time=((AHZ-AHY)/AH11); // AH7=(AHZ-AHY); // ATRRFB=(AH7*ATRFBM+1); // ATRVFB=(AH7*ATRVM); // }